![]() In agreement with data obtained on epithelial cells, the simulated behaviour of the cell model relates the hyperelastic response observed at the entire cell scale to the distribution of stresses and strains within the nucleus and the cytoskeleton, up to cell adhesion areas. We additionally take into account the mechanical properties of the basal cell cortex, which can be affected by the interaction of the basal cell membrane with the extracellular substrate. The influence of the cell nucleus stiffness on the simulated nonlinear torque-bead rotation response is analyzed by considering a finite element multi-component cell model in which the cell and its nucleus are considered as different hyperelastic materials. We investigate here the spatial distributions of intracellular stresses when adherent cells are probed by magnetic twisting cytometry. Theoretical models of cellular biomechanics provide relevant tools for understanding how the contributions of deformable intracellular components and specific adhesion conditions at the cell interface are integrated for determining the overall balance of mechanical forces within the cell. How environmental mechanical forces affect cellular functions is a central problem in cell biology. The results suggest that this scaffold and its automated dielectrophoresis-based patterning mechanism can be used to construct artificial tissues for various tissue engineering applications. After 7 days of culture, 3D cellular patterns were observed through SEM. Viability test was performed after the patterning operation and the results confirmed that majority of the cells remained viable. The effects of the voltage input on the resultant cellular pattern were examined and discussed. Results show that with the presence of a voltage input, this multi-layer structure was capable of manipulating different types of biological cells examined through dielectrophoresis, enabling automatic cell patterning in the time-scale of minutes. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the manipulation and the patterning processes with the proposed structure. Through establishing electric fields via this multi-layer structure, the cells in the medium became polarized and were attracted towards the interior part of the structure, forming 3D cellular patterns. This scaffold structure employed dielectrophoresis as the non-contact mechanism to manipulate cells in the 3D domain. This paper presents a novel approach to perform three-dimensional (3D) cell manipulation and patterning with a multi-layer engineered scaffold. We identify the challenges associated with designing and optimizing printed tissue replacements, and discuss the future perspectives of this emerging option for managing patients who present with critical-sized life-threatening cutaneous wounds.Cell manipulation is imperative to the areas of cellular biology and tissue engineering, providing them a useful tool for patterning cells into cellular patterns for different analyses and applications. Herein, we provide an overview of 3D printing techniques and discuss several strategies for healing of full-thickness wounds by using 3D printed acellular scaffolds or bioprinted cellular scaffolds, aimed at translating this technology to the clinical management of skin lesions. Further improvements to current material formulations and scaffold designs are required to achieve the goal of clinical adoption. Despite encouraging results, the promise of 3D printed scaffolds has yet to be realized. The replacement of damaged and lost cells delivers beneficial effects directly, or synergistically, supporting injured tissue to recover its native state. Three-dimensional bioprinting, a subset of 3D printing, allows for the replacement of lost cell populations and secreted active compounds that contribute to tissue repair and recovery. Spatial control over scaffold structure, the ability to incorporate multiple materials and bioactive ingredients, enables the creation of conditions specifically optimized for wound healing. The implementation of 3D printed dermal scaffolds offers a potential solution for these shortcomings. Limited donor tissue and donor site morbidity remain a concern for tissue grafting, while engineered skin substitutes fail to fully recapitulate the complex native environment required for wound healing. However, these approaches are not without several challenges. Current approaches to managing life-threatening wounds include skin grafting and application of commercially sourced skin substitutes. Three-dimensional (3D) printed scaffolds have recently emerged as an innovative treatment option for patients with critical-sized skin wounds. ![]()
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